Glossary of Terms For the Plastic, Zero Waste and Sustainable Movement
A
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Definition:
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) is a common thermoplastic polymer known for its toughness and impact resistance. It’s a rigid, opaque plastic used in a variety of consumer and industrial products.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- LEGO bricks
- Computer keyboards and housings
- Automotive components
- Pipes and fittings
- Toys and consumer electronics casings
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
ABS does not contain BPA or phthalates but can release toxic chemicals when burned. It’s not biodegradable and contributes to plastic pollution when discarded. Production involves petrochemicals, and microplastics from ABS-based products can accumulate in the environment.
Relevant Links:
Additives (Plastic Additives)
Definition:
Plastic additives are chemical substances added to plastics to enhance their properties, such as flexibility, color, durability, flame resistance, or UV protection.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Food packaging
- Plastic toys
- PVC pipes
- Medical devices
- Household items (plastic furniture, electronics)
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Many additives (like phthalates, bisphenols, and flame retardants) are harmful endocrine disruptors or carcinogens. These chemicals can leach out of plastics over time, contaminating soil, water, and food, and may pose serious health risks including hormone disruption, developmental issues, and cancer.
Relevant Links:
Antimony
Definition:
Antimony is a metalloid element used as a catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- PET plastic water and soda bottles
- Flame retardants in plastic housings and textiles
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Antimony can leach from PET bottles, especially when exposed to heat or sunlight. Chronic exposure has been associated with respiratory irritation, heart problems, and potential carcinogenic effects. It also poses risks to aquatic life when released into water systems.
Relevant Links:
Acrylic (PMMA)
Definition:
Acrylic, or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), is a transparent thermoplastic often used as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Plexiglass and Lucite sheets
- Display cases and signage
- Furniture and home décor
- Aquariums and vehicle windows
- Lighting covers
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
While less toxic than some plastics, acrylic is not biodegradable and breaks down into microplastics over time. During production or incineration, it may release toxic gases such as methyl methacrylate. Improper disposal contributes to long-term environmental pollution.
Relevant Links:
Acrylonitrile
Definition:
Acrylonitrile is a volatile, colorless liquid used as a building block in plastics like ABS and SAN. It is classified as a probable human carcinogen.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- ABS plastic (used in electronics and toys)
- Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) plastics
- Synthetic rubber
- Acrylic fibers
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Acrylonitrile can be toxic through inhalation and skin contact. Environmental exposure, especially from industrial facilities, can harm respiratory health and has been linked to cancer in animal studies. It also poses risks to aquatic life.
Relevant Links:
Agroplastics
Definition:
Agroplastics are plastic materials used in agriculture to improve yield, reduce water loss, or control pests.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Plastic mulch films
- Irrigation tubing
- Silage wrap
- Greenhouse coverings
- Seedling trays
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Agroplastics degrade slowly and often remain in soil, contributing to microplastic pollution. Over time, UV exposure causes them to fragment, contaminating farmland and entering the food chain. Burning or burying agroplastics also releases toxic emissions.
Relevant Links:
- FAO – Assessment of Agricultural Plastics and Their Sustainability
- Nature – Microplastic Pollution in Agricultural Soils
Artificial Turf
Definition:
Artificial turf is a surface made of synthetic plastic fibers designed to replicate the look and feel of natural grass.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Sports fields and stadiums
- School playgrounds
- Residential landscaping
- Dog parks and pet areas
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Artificial turf sheds microplastics from its blades and crumb rubber infill, which often ends up in stormwater systems and local waterways. It can become dangerously hot in sunlight, contributes to urban heat islands, and may contain toxic substances such as PFAS and heavy metals.
Relevant Links:
- Yale Environment 360 – The Dark Side of Artificial Turf
- Environmental Working Group – PFAS in Artificial Turf
ASA (Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate)
Definition:
ASA is a durable thermoplastic similar to ABS but with greater resistance to UV light and weathering. It’s used mainly in outdoor applications.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Outdoor furniture
- Car mirrors and trims
- Garden tools
- 3D printer filaments
- Roofing and cladding materials
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
ASA is resistant to degradation, which makes it ideal for outdoor use but problematic for waste management. Like ABS, it does not biodegrade and may release microplastics into the environment over time. It’s derived from fossil fuels and contributes to long-term plastic pollution.
Relevant Links:
B
BPA (Bisphenol A)
Definition:
BPA is a synthetic compound used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. It’s known for its ability to harden plastics and is one of the most widely studied endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Food and beverage can linings
- Plastic water bottles
- Baby bottles (prior to regulation)
- Thermal paper receipts
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
BPA mimics estrogen and can disrupt hormone function. It has been linked to reproductive harm, developmental issues in children, heart disease, and increased cancer risk. BPA is detected in the majority of human urine samples and is persistent in the environment.
Relevant Links:
Biodegradable Plastics
Definition:
Biodegradable plastics are plastics designed to break down naturally by microorganisms into water, carbon dioxide, and biomass under specific environmental conditions.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Disposable cutlery and plates
- Compostable trash bags
- Agricultural mulch films
- Packaging labeled “biodegradable”
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Biodegradable plastics often require industrial composting facilities and do not reliably break down in landfills or marine environments. When they don’t degrade fully, they can still contribute to microplastic pollution.
Relevant Links:
Bioaccumulation
Definition:
Bioaccumulation is the gradual accumulation of substances, such as chemicals or microplastics, in an organism over time, often in fatty tissues.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Occurs in wildlife and humans exposed to contaminated food, water, or air
- Especially relevant for plasticizers like BPA, phthalates, and flame retardants
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Persistent plastic additives can bioaccumulate through the food chain, posing long-term risks to health. Effects include hormonal disruptions, neurological damage, and fertility issues. In aquatic systems, bioaccumulated microplastics can kill or debilitate fish and shellfish.
Relevant Links:
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Bioaccumulation
- PubMed – Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Microplastics
Bioplastics
Definition:
Bioplastics are plastics derived from renewable biological sources such as corn starch, sugarcane, or cellulose. Some are biodegradable, others are not.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- PLA food containers and cups
- Compostable packaging
- Agricultural films
- Bioplastic cutlery
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Although marketed as sustainable, many bioplastics persist in the environment like conventional plastics unless processed under industrial composting conditions. Their production still consumes land and water resources and may release greenhouse gases.
Relevant Links:
- European Bioplastics – What are Bioplastics?
- Environmental Science & Technology – Bioplastic Environmental Impact
Bisphenol S (BPS)
Definition:
Bisphenol S is a chemical compound used as a substitute for BPA in “BPA-free” plastics, offering similar durability but with potential health risks of its own.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- BPA-free plastic water bottles
- Thermal receipts
- Food containers
- Baby products labeled “safe” or “BPA-free”
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
BPS is also an endocrine disruptor. Studies show it may have equal or greater hormonal activity than BPA. It persists in the environment and has been detected in human urine and blood samples globally.
Relevant Links:
- National Library of Medicine – BPS Health Effects
- Environmental Health Perspectives – Is BPS Safer than BPA?
Bottle Caps (Plastic)
Definition:
Plastic bottle caps are typically made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polypropylene (PP) and are a major component of marine debris.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Water and soda bottle tops
- Milk jugs
- Juice and sports drinks
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Bottle caps are among the top 5 most commonly collected items in beach cleanups worldwide. They are small enough to be ingested by birds and marine animals, often leading to choking or starvation.
Relevant Links:
Butadiene
Definition:
Butadiene is a colorless gas used as a monomer in the production of synthetic rubbers and plastics like ABS and SBR. It is a known human carcinogen.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Tires and rubber soles
- ABS plastics
- Foam insulation
- Automotive parts
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Exposure to butadiene through air emissions can lead to an increased risk of leukemia and other cancers. It also contributes to smog formation and is toxic to aquatic organisms.
Relevant Links:
Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs)
Definition:
BFRs are chemical additives used to reduce the flammability of plastics and other materials. Many are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Electronics and circuit boards
- Upholstery and mattresses
- Plastic casings for TVs and appliances
- Insulation materials
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
BFRs can leach out of plastics and accumulate in indoor dust, human tissue, and breast milk. They are linked to hormone disruption, neurodevelopmental delays in children, and thyroid issues. They persist in the environment and concentrate in the food chain.
Relevant Links:
C
Carbon Black Plastic
Definition:
Carbon black plastic is plastic dyed with carbon black pigment, giving it a deep black color. This pigment absorbs infrared light, making it difficult for standard recycling facility sensors to detect and sort.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Black food trays and containers
- Electronic device casings
- Automotive parts
- Packaging for cosmetics and personal care
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Because carbon black plastics are often missed by recycling systems, they typically end up in landfills or incinerators. Incineration releases toxic substances, and the material contributes to the global plastic waste problem.
Relevant Links:
Cellophane
Definition:
Cellophane is a thin, transparent film made from cellulose, a natural polymer derived from wood pulp or cotton.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Food packaging (especially candy and baked goods)
- Gift wrap and florist supplies
- Cigar and tobacco wraps
- Some compostable bags
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Unlike synthetic plastic, true cellophane is biodegradable and compostable. However, many products labeled “cellophane” are actually plastic-based. Genuine cellophane breaks down in soil or compost, making it a better alternative when properly labeled.
Relevant Links:
Chemical Recycling
Definition:
Chemical recycling breaks down plastics into their basic chemical components to be reused in new plastic production, unlike mechanical recycling which only reshapes plastics.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Used for mixed or dirty plastics not suitable for traditional recycling
- Pilot programs in some regions; emerging technologies like pyrolysis or gasification
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Chemical recycling is controversial. While it promises to reduce waste and produce virgin-quality plastic, most facilities consume a lot of energy, emit pollutants, and are rarely truly circular. Critics argue it’s more akin to plastic-to-fuel than actual recycling.
Relevant Links:
- GAIA – Chemical Recycling Report
- Greenpeace – Recycling Myths Exposed
- EPA – Advanced Recycling Overview
Clamshell Packaging
Definition:
Clamshell packaging refers to clear, rigid plastic containers with a hinged lid, often used for food and consumer goods.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Pre-packaged produce (berries, salads)
- Bakery items
- Electronics (headphones, USB drives)
- Toy and retail packaging
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Though typically made from PET (which is technically recyclable), clamshells are often rejected due to food residue, labels, or shape incompatibility with recycling machinery. They are a significant source of consumer plastic waste and often end up in landfills.
Relevant Links:
Colorants (Plastic Dyes and Pigments)
Definition:
Colorants are added to plastics to give them specific colors or appearances. They include dyes, pigments, and special effect additives (like metallic or glow-in-the-dark finishes).
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Packaging and containers
- Toys and electronics
- Textile fibers
- Automotive plastics
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Many colorants contain heavy metals or other toxic compounds. These additives can leach into soil or water and may interfere with recycling processes. Dark-colored plastics are particularly hard to recycle due to optical sorting limitations.
Relevant Links:
- ScienceDirect – Toxic Effects of Colorants in Plastics
- PlasticsToday – Coloring and Recycling Challenges
Composite Plastics
Definition:
Composite plastics are made by combining different types of plastic or mixing plastic with non-plastic materials like glass fiber or metal.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Toothbrush handles
- Diaper tabs and multi-layer food packaging
- Construction materials
- Automotive and aerospace parts
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Because composites are bonded together, they are nearly impossible to recycle. Most are landfilled or incinerated. Their resistance to breakdown contributes significantly to plastic pollution, particularly in marine environments.
Relevant Links:
- ScienceDirect – Environmental Challenges of Plastic Composites
- PlasticsEurope – Multilayer Packaging Waste
Compostable Plastics
Definition:
Compostable plastics are designed to break down into carbon dioxide, water, and biomass in composting conditions, ideally leaving no toxic residue behind.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Compostable cups, cutlery, and takeout containers
- Some produce bags and mailers
- Certified packaging materials (look for BPI or TUV certification)
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Compostable plastics require specific industrial composting conditions and often won’t break down in a home compost bin or landfill. If mixed with regular plastics in recycling streams, they can cause contamination.
Relevant Links:
Contaminated Recycling
Definition:
Contaminated recycling refers to recyclable materials that are mixed with non-recyclables, food residue, or other waste, making them unsuitable for processing.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Food-soiled pizza boxes
- Plastic containers with leftover food or oil
- Items with mixed materials (like plastic and foil)
- “Wish-cycled” plastics that are not actually accepted locally
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Contamination can ruin entire batches of recyclable material, causing them to be landfilled or incinerated instead. It raises costs for recycling centers and reduces the efficiency of waste diversion programs.
Relevant Links:
Copolymers
Definition:
Copolymers are plastics made from two or more different monomers. Combining different polymers allows manufacturers to tailor the plastic’s properties for specific applications.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Flexible packaging
- Automotive parts
- Industrial pipes
- Household goods
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Because copolymers contain mixed materials, they are often non-recyclable and harder to process. Their durability contributes to plastic persistence in the environment, and their breakdown can release a complex mix of chemical compounds.
Relevant Links:
- ScienceDirect – Plastic Copolymers and Environmental Impact
- National Library of Medicine – Plastic Waste and Mixed Polymers
Cross-Linked Polyethylene (PEX)
Definition:
PEX is a form of polyethylene with molecular cross-links that give it improved temperature and chemical resistance. It is primarily used in plumbing and electrical insulation.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Hot and cold water pipes
- Radiant floor heating systems
- Coated electrical wires
- Medical tubing
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
PEX is not recyclable through most municipal systems due to its chemically altered structure. When burned, it can release harmful emissions. While durable, it contributes to long-term plastic waste accumulation.
Relevant Links:
D
DEHP (Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate)
Definition:
DEHP is a type of phthalate used to soften and increase the flexibility of plastics, especially polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Shower curtains
- Vinyl flooring
- Medical tubing and IV bags
- Plastic toys (especially older ones)
- Food packaging (cling wrap)
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
DEHP is an endocrine disruptor and reproductive toxicant. It has been linked to developmental issues, hormone disruption, liver toxicity, and cancer. It leaches easily from plastics, particularly when heated, and accumulates in the environment and living organisms.
Relevant Links:
Degradable Plastics
Definition:
Degradable plastics are plastics designed to break into smaller fragments over time due to environmental exposure, though not necessarily into non-toxic or biodegradable components.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Plastic bags labeled “oxo-degradable”
- Agricultural films
- Packaging materials with metal salts
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Degradable plastics may fragment into microplastics instead of fully breaking down. They often mislead consumers into thinking they are environmentally safe. Their breakdown depends on specific conditions and they can persist in soil and marine ecosystems.
Relevant Links:
Densified Plastic
Definition:
Densified plastic refers to lightweight plastic materials that have been melted or compressed to form a denser, heavier block, making them easier to handle and recycle.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Plastic foam waste (e.g., polystyrene) converted into bricks
- Recycled plastic logs or boards
- Industrial plastic waste processing
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
While densification can help keep bulky plastic waste out of landfills, the process often requires high heat and can release fumes. If the plastic isn’t properly sorted, densified blocks may still be unrecyclable and contribute to waste elsewhere.
Relevant Links:
Dioxins
Definition:
Dioxins are highly toxic chemical compounds formed as byproducts during the combustion of plastics, particularly chlorinated plastics like PVC.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Emissions from burning plastic waste
- Industrial processes (e.g. incinerators, chemical manufacturing)
- Ash and residues from landfill fires
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Dioxins are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They bioaccumulate in the food chain and are linked to cancer, immune suppression, reproductive harm, and developmental problems. Even small exposures over time can be harmful to human health.
Relevant Links:
Disposable Plastics
Definition:
Disposable plastics are single-use plastic items intended to be used once and then discarded. They represent one of the largest contributors to global plastic waste.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Plastic straws, utensils, and plates
- Grocery bags
- Water bottles
- Snack wrappers and chip bags
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Disposable plastics are the leading source of ocean and land-based plastic pollution. They break down into microplastics and are rarely recycled. Wildlife often mistake them for food, and their production contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions.
Relevant Links:
Double Bagging
Definition:
Double bagging refers to the practice of placing one plastic bag inside another, usually for extra strength or leak protection.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Grocery checkouts
- Trash disposal
- Retail stores and carry-out food packaging
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Double bagging doubles the plastic waste without significantly improving utility in most cases. These bags are rarely recycled and frequently end up in the environment, where they break down into microplastics or harm wildlife.
Relevant Links:
Drawstring Bags (Plastic)
Definition:
Plastic drawstring bags are thin, often single-use plastic bags with built-in cords or handles for cinching the top closed.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Trash bags and liners
- Laundry bags
- Produce and bulk food bags
- Promotional packaging
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Drawstring components often combine materials (e.g., plastic cords + polyethylene body), making the bag difficult to recycle. Like other thin plastics, they easily escape waste systems, contributing to litter and marine entanglement.
Relevant Links:
Drip Irrigation Tubing (Plastic)
Definition:
Plastic drip irrigation tubing is used in agriculture and landscaping to deliver water directly to plant roots through a network of polyethylene pipes and emitters.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Commercial farms and greenhouses
- Residential gardens and landscaping
- Vineyards and orchards
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
While efficient in water use, drip irrigation tubing is often made from non-recyclable plastic and is frequently discarded after a single season. It contributes to plastic buildup in agricultural soils and is rarely collected for recycling.
Relevant Links:
Dry Cleaning Bags
Definition:
These are thin plastic film bags used to cover clothing after professional dry cleaning, usually made from polyethylene.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Dry cleaned suits, dresses, and coats
- Laundromats and professional cleaners
- Garment transport and storage
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Dry cleaning bags are flimsy, non-biodegradable, and often used once before being thrown away. They are rarely accepted in curbside recycling and frequently end up in waterways or as litter. Their transparency makes them especially hazardous to marine animals that ingest them by mistake.
Relevant Links:
Durability (Plastic Durability)
Definition:
Durability refers to the long lifespan and resistance of plastics to degradation, weathering, and wear. This characteristic makes plastics useful — but also environmentally persistent.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Construction materials (PVC pipes, siding)
- Furniture and outdoor gear
- Automotive parts
- Synthetic textiles
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Durable plastics do not biodegrade, remaining in the environment for hundreds of years. Their resistance to breakdown contributes to microplastic accumulation in ecosystems and the food chain.
Relevant Links:
E
Elastic Polymers
Definition:
Elastic polymers, also known as elastomers, are plastics with rubber-like flexibility that can stretch and return to their original shape.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Rubber bands
- Shoe soles
- Flexible seals and gaskets
- Soft-touch grips on tools and electronics
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
While durable and useful, elastic polymers are typically made from synthetic rubber derived from petroleum. They are not biodegradable, and their flexibility makes them difficult to recycle. Over time, they break down into microplastics that persist in the environment.
Relevant Links:
Emissions (from Plastic Production and Disposal)
Definition:
Plastic production and disposal release greenhouse gases (GHGs) and toxic pollutants throughout the entire lifecycle, from fossil fuel extraction to incineration or degradation.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Emissions from plastic manufacturing facilities
- Incinerators and open burning sites
- Landfills where plastics degrade over decades
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Plastics are responsible for more than 850 million tons of GHG emissions annually, projected to reach 2.8 billion tons by 2050. Emissions include carbon dioxide, methane, dioxins, and volatile organic compounds — all contributing to climate change and air pollution.
Relevant Links:
Encapsulation (Plastic Encapsulation)
Definition:
Encapsulation is the process of coating or embedding substances within a plastic shell or film, often used in pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, electronics, and textiles.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Time-release capsules in medications
- Microplastic-coated fertilizers
- Flame retardants in electronics
- Fragrance capsules in cleaning products
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Encapsulation contributes to microplastic pollution, especially when coatings break down in water or soil. In agriculture, plastic-coated fertilizers can release synthetic particles into ecosystems. These particles are difficult to detect and remove.
Relevant Links:
- Nature – Microplastics in Coated Fertilizers
- Environmental Science & Technology – Encapsulated Microplastics
Endocrine Disruptors
Definition:
Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that interfere with the endocrine (hormonal) system. Many plastic additives and components are classified as such.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Bisphenol A (BPA)
- Phthalates in flexible plastics
- Flame retardants in electronics and textiles
- PFAS in food packaging
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
These chemicals can mimic or block hormones, leading to reproductive issues, cancer, developmental delays, and thyroid dysfunction. Even low-dose exposure during pregnancy or childhood can cause long-term health impacts.
Relevant Links:
- Endocrine Society – EDC Guide
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences – Endocrine Disruptors
EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility)
Definition:
Extended Producer Responsibility is a policy approach where manufacturers are made responsible for the end-of-life disposal, recycling, or cleanup of the products and packaging they produce.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Legislation on plastic packaging and bottles
- State-wide bottle return programs (e.g., Oregon, Maine)
- Corporate take-back and recycling programs
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
EPR shifts the financial and physical burden of plastic waste away from governments and consumers and back to producers. It creates incentives for companies to reduce plastic use, design for recyclability, and invest in waste recovery infrastructure.
Relevant Links:
Ethylene
Definition:
Ethylene is a flammable hydrocarbon gas and one of the primary building blocks of plastic. It’s used to make polyethylene, the most common plastic in the world.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Plastic bags (LDPE)
- Milk jugs and detergent bottles (HDPE)
- Food wraps and liners
- Plastic films and packaging
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Ethylene is derived from fossil fuels (cracking of natural gas or oil) and its production emits significant GHGs. The resulting polyethylene products contribute massively to global plastic pollution, often as single-use items.
Relevant Links:
- U.S. Energy Information Administration – Ethylene Use
- Environmental Defense Fund – Ethylene’s Climate Impact
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)
Definition:
EPS is a lightweight, rigid plastic foam made from polystyrene. It’s often incorrectly referred to as “Styrofoam,” which is a brand name.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Disposable cups, plates, and food containers
- Packing peanuts and protective packaging
- Insulation materials
- Coolers
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
EPS breaks apart easily into microplastics and is nearly impossible to recycle in curbside programs. It’s one of the most harmful pollutants to marine life and contributes significantly to urban litter and storm drain blockages.
Relevant Links:
F
Fibers (Microplastic Fibers)
Definition:
Microplastic fibers are tiny thread-like particles shed from synthetic textiles during washing, wear, or production.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Polyester, nylon, acrylic, and elastane clothing
- Upholstery and carpets
- Synthetic ropes and fishing gear
- Dryer lint and washing machine runoff
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
These fibers are the most common type of microplastic found in oceans and drinking water. They are ingested by aquatic animals and humans, have been detected in blood and lung tissue, and may carry toxic additives or adsorb pollutants.
Relevant Links:
Flame Retardants (in Plastics)
Definition:
Flame retardants are chemical additives used to reduce flammability in plastic products. Many are persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- TV and appliance casings
- Furniture foam and textiles
- Building insulation
- Wiring and cables
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Many flame retardants are linked to endocrine disruption, cancer, and developmental problems. They bioaccumulate in the body and the environment, and are often found in indoor dust and breast milk.
Relevant Links:
Flexible Packaging
Definition:
Flexible packaging refers to plastic films, wraps, and pouches that can bend or conform, often used to package food and consumer goods.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Snack bags and granola bar wrappers
- Frozen food bags
- Baby food pouches
- Detergent pods and refill pouches
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Most flexible packaging is made from multiple layers of plastic and other materials, making it nearly impossible to recycle. It’s a major contributor to ocean and roadside litter, often breaking into microplastics.
Relevant Links:
Food Packaging (Plastic)
Definition:
Plastic food packaging includes wraps, trays, containers, and bottles used to store and protect food during transport and sale.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Clamshell containers and produce trays
- Plastic film wrap and stretch wrap
- Bottled beverages and condiments
- Snack food bags and candy wrappers
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Many types of plastic food packaging leach harmful chemicals like BPA, phthalates, or PFAS into food. Most is single-use and ends up in landfills or as litter. It’s also a major source of ocean plastic and microplastic contamination.
Relevant Links:
- Environmental Health News – Plastic and Food Safety
- Plastic Pollution Coalition – Food Packaging Impact
Fragments (Microplastic Fragments)
Definition:
Fragments are one of the five types of microplastics. They result from the breakdown of larger plastic items into smaller, irregularly shaped pieces.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Degraded bottles, containers, and toys
- Plastic litter exposed to UV and friction
- Car interiors and weathered plastics
- Landfill run-off and ocean surface water
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Fragments carry plasticizers and toxic additives, and can also adsorb heavy metals and chemicals from their surroundings. They are often ingested by wildlife and have been found in human blood, stool, and placenta samples.
Relevant Links:
Fragrance Capsules (Plastic Microcapsules)
Definition:
Fragrance capsules are microscopic plastic beads used to deliver scent in products. They burst when rubbed or exposed to heat or moisture.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Laundry detergents and fabric softeners
- Body washes and shampoos
- Cleaning sprays and air fresheners
- Perfumed clothing and athletic gear
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
These capsules are typically made from non-biodegradable synthetic polymers. They wash down drains and contribute to microplastic pollution in waterways. They are largely unregulated and not disclosed on labels.
Relevant Links:
G
Gaskets (Synthetic Rubber or Plastic)
Definition:
Gaskets are sealing components made from flexible materials—often synthetic rubber or plastic—used to prevent leaks between surfaces in machinery and appliances.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Dishwashers, refrigerators, and washing machines
- Water bottles and travel mugs
- Plumbing and industrial seals
- Automotive engines and parts
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Gaskets made from plasticized rubber or PVC may leach harmful chemicals over time. They are rarely recycled and often end up in landfills, where they degrade into microplastics. If burned, they can release toxic gases like dioxins and VOCs.
Relevant Links:
- ScienceDirect – Environmental Fate of Synthetic Rubbers
- Plastic Soup Foundation – Hidden Plastics in Household Items
Glitter (Plastic-Based Glitter)
Definition:
Glitter is made from small pieces of plastic (often PET or PVC) coated with reflective material, used for decoration or cosmetic purposes.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Makeup and body lotions
- Crafts and greeting cards
- Holiday decorations
- Party supplies
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Glitter is a microplastic that easily escapes into waterways and is ingested by fish and shellfish. It doesn’t biodegrade and contributes to widespread microplastic contamination in both marine and freshwater environments.
Relevant Links:
- National Geographic – Glitter Ban and Microplastic Impact
- Plastic Pollution Coalition – Glitter Waste
Granules (Nurdles / Pre-Production Pellets)
Definition:
Granules—also known as nurdles—are small plastic pellets used as raw material in the manufacturing of nearly all plastic products.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Industrial shipping and processing plants
- Spilled pellets along coastlines or in waterways
- Embedded in sand or sediment near ports
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Nurdles are a top source of microplastic pollution worldwide. They are easily spilled during transport and absorb toxic pollutants like PCBs. Marine life often mistake them for food, leading to starvation or chemical poisoning.
Relevant Links:
Greenwashing
Definition:
Greenwashing is the deceptive practice of marketing products or packaging as environmentally friendly when they are not, often using vague or misleading claims.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- “Eco” or “green” labeled plastic products
- “Compostable” bags that require industrial conditions
- Packaging with nature imagery but no verified certification
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Greenwashing undermines genuine sustainability efforts and confuses consumers. It delays policy action and contributes to continued reliance on plastics falsely perceived as eco-friendly.
Relevant Links:
Gum Base (Plastic in Chewing Gum)
Definition:
Modern chewing gum base often contains synthetic rubber or plastic polymers (like polyethylene and polyvinyl acetate) to give it its chewy texture.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Conventional chewing gum and bubble gum
- Candy-coated gum
- Gum stuck on sidewalks or streets
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Because it contains plastic, gum is not biodegradable and contributes to urban microplastic pollution. It is rarely properly disposed of and requires special solvents for cleanup. Some cities spend millions removing it from public spaces.
Relevant Links:
Gyres (Plastic Accumulation Zones)
Definition:
Gyres are large systems of circulating ocean currents where floating debris, especially plastics, accumulates due to wind and current patterns.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- North Pacific Gyre (home of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch)
- South Pacific, North Atlantic, South Atlantic, and Indian Ocean gyres
- Surface waters in remote marine zones
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Plastics in gyres photodegrade into microplastics, harming marine life and entering the global food web. Cleanups are difficult due to the vast size and remoteness of these zones.
Relevant Links:
H
Hair Care Products (Microplastics in)
Definition:
Many commercial shampoos, conditioners, and styling products contain microplastics as thickeners, film-formers, or exfoliants.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Shampoos with “long-lasting shine” or “film-forming” agents
- Gels, waxes, and pomades
- Dry shampoos and sprays
- Hair masks and treatments
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
These microplastics wash down drains and enter wastewater systems. Most treatment plants can’t filter them out, so they end up in rivers and oceans. They contribute to aquatic pollution and can bioaccumulate in fish and shellfish.
Relevant Links:
- Plastic Soup Foundation – Beat the Microbead (Hair Products List)
- Environmental Working Group – Shampoo Ingredient Guide
HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene)
Definition:
HDPE is a strong, durable plastic with the resin code #2. It’s known for its high strength-to-density ratio and chemical resistance.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Milk jugs and detergent bottles
- Shampoo bottles
- Pipes and buckets
- Reusable grocery bags
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
HDPE is one of the more recyclable plastics, but it still often ends up in landfills or the ocean. While it doesn’t easily break down, over time it can fragment into microplastics. Its production also depends on fossil fuels and emits greenhouse gases.
Relevant Links:
Heat and Plastic Leaching
Definition:
Heating plastics can cause them to break down and release chemical additives into food, drink, or the surrounding environment.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Microwaved takeout containers
- Plastic baby bottles and sippy cups
- Hot water bottles and kettles with plastic interiors
- Food heated in plastic wrap or bags
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Heating accelerates the leaching of chemicals like BPA, phthalates, and antimony. This increases human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and can harm reproductive, neurological, and developmental health.
Relevant Links:
- National Institutes of Health – Effects of Heating Plastics
- Harvard Health – Avoiding Plastic Toxins
Hidden Plastics
Definition:
Hidden plastics are synthetic polymers embedded in products that are not obviously plastic to consumers.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Tea bags (heat-sealed or “silken” varieties)
- Disposable wet wipes and menstrual pads
- Paper coffee cups (plastic lining)
- Chewing gum and cigarette filters
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Because they aren’t visibly plastic, these items are often disposed of incorrectly. They contribute to microplastic pollution, contaminate compost, and persist in landfills or waterways for decades.
Relevant Links:
Hormone Disruption (via Plastics)
Definition:
Hormone disruption occurs when plastic chemicals interfere with the body’s endocrine system, affecting growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- BPA and BPS in food packaging
- Phthalates in toys and flexible plastics
- Flame retardants in electronics
- PFAS in water-resistant coatings
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals can affect fertility, brain development, immune response, and increase the risk of cancers. These impacts are particularly harmful during prenatal and early life stages and are now widely documented across wildlife and humans.
Relevant Links:
Household Dust (Microplastics in)
Definition:
Household dust often contains airborne microplastics shed from synthetic textiles, packaging, and plastic-based household items.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Carpet fibers and furniture upholstery
- Clothing and blankets
- Electronics and packaging materials
- Food preparation surfaces and vents
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
People (especially children) can inhale or ingest microplastics from indoor dust. Studies have found particles in lung tissue and blood. Dust is a major pathway for plastic exposure in indoor environments.
Relevant Links:
I
Incineration (of Plastics)
Definition:
Incineration is the process of burning plastic waste at high temperatures, often in waste-to-energy facilities.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Municipal waste management systems
- Medical waste disposal
- Industrial plastic waste streams
- Waste-to-energy power plants
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
While incineration reduces waste volume, it releases toxic pollutants like dioxins, heavy metals, and greenhouse gases. These emissions can harm respiratory health and contribute to climate change. It also discourages reduction and reuse.
Relevant Links:
Industrial Composting (vs. Home Composting)
Definition:
Industrial composting uses controlled conditions (heat, oxygen, moisture) to break down biodegradable and certified compostable plastics—conditions not replicable in home compost bins.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Compostable foodware and packaging
- PLA-based bags and utensils
- Commercial food waste collection programs
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Most compostable plastics require industrial composting to fully break down. When sent to landfills or regular recycling, they behave like conventional plastic. Without access to proper facilities, “compostable” plastics can be misleading and environmentally harmful.
Relevant Links:
Ingestion (of Microplastics)
Definition:
Ingestion refers to the consumption of microplastics by humans or animals, either directly (via food or water) or indirectly (through inhalation or trophic transfer).
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Bottled and tap water
- Salt, seafood, and produce
- Infant formula prepared in plastic bottles
- Dust and indoor air
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Microplastics have been found in the lungs, blood, placenta, and feces of humans. They can cause inflammation, disrupt gut microbiota, and transport toxic chemicals into the body. In wildlife, ingestion affects feeding, growth, and reproduction.
Relevant Links:
Ink (on Plastic Packaging)
Definition:
Inks are used to print branding, labels, and instructions on plastic packaging. They may contain heavy metals, solvents, and microplastics.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Snack bags and wrappers
- Plastic bottles and cartons
- Flexible pouches and cling films
- Multilayer laminated plastics
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Inks can leach into food and drinks, especially when packaging is heated or degraded. Many contain substances of concern, including carcinogens and endocrine disruptors. They also interfere with plastic recycling and release toxins when burned.
Relevant Links:
Ion Exchange Resins
Definition:
Ion exchange resins are porous plastic beads used in water purification systems to remove minerals or contaminants through chemical exchange processes.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Water softeners and deionizers
- Whole-house filtration systems
- Laboratory and industrial water treatment
- Pharmaceutical production
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
While effective for water treatment, ion exchange resins are made from cross-linked polystyrene or acrylic plastics and are not biodegradable. Over time, degraded resin particles may release microplastics into water systems.
Relevant Links:
Invisible Plastics
Definition:
Invisible plastics are micro- and nanoplastics that are too small to be seen by the naked eye but are present in air, water, soil, and even inside the human body.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Airborne particles in household dust
- Bottled and tap water
- Processed food and cooking salt
- Blood, lungs, and tissue samples
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
These plastics are easily inhaled or ingested and can cross cellular membranes. They carry endocrine disruptors and carcinogens, and their long-term health effects are still being researched. In ecosystems, they alter soil chemistry and harm wildlife.
Relevant Links:
J
Jars (Plastic Jars for Consumer Goods)
Definition:
Plastic jars are rigid containers commonly used to store food, personal care products, and supplements. They’re typically made from PET, PP, or HDPE.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Peanut butter and nut butters
- Hair masks and body creams
- Protein powders and supplements
- Candies and spreads
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
While many plastic jars are recyclable, labels, residues, and black plastic lids often make them unrecyclable in practice. Improper disposal contributes to landfill waste and marine pollution. Heating food in plastic jars can increase chemical leaching.
Relevant Links:
Juice Bottles (Plastic)
Definition:
Plastic juice bottles are typically made from PET (#1) or HDPE (#2), designed for single-use consumption of beverages.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Shelf-stable and refrigerated juices
- Sports drinks and vitamin waters
- Smoothies and kombucha
- Kids’ juice boxes with plastic lining
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Juice bottles contribute heavily to single-use plastic waste. While technically recyclable, many are contaminated with sugar residue or improperly sorted. Their caps and labels often end up in landfills or oceans.
Relevant Links:
- Container Recycling Institute – Beverage Container Waste
- National Geographic – Beverage Packaging Waste
Junk Plastics (Non-Recyclable Mixed Plastics)
Definition:
“Junk plastics” is an informal term for mixed or low-grade plastics that are non-recyclable or economically unviable to recycle.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Fast food packaging
- Laminated chip bags and candy wrappers
- Plastic-coated paper products
- Crinkly films and multilayer packaging
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Junk plastics account for a significant portion of global plastic pollution. They’re often exported as “recyclables” but are incinerated or landfilled abroad. These plastics pollute waterways, harm marine life, and fragment into microplastics over time.
Relevant Links:
K
K-Cups (Single-Use Coffee Pods)
Definition:
K-Cups are single-serve coffee pods made from plastic, aluminum, and paper, used in pod-style coffee machines like Keurig.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Single-use coffee brewing systems
- Prepackaged flavored beverage pods
- Office breakrooms and hotels
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
K-Cups are difficult to recycle because they are made of multiple layers and must be disassembled to be properly sorted. Billions end up in landfills each year. They contribute significantly to single-use plastic waste and are not biodegradable.
Relevant Links:
Kitchen Plastics
Definition:
Kitchen plastics refer to the wide array of plastic-based tools, storage containers, and utensils used in food preparation and storage.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Cutting boards, spatulas, and mixing bowls
- Plastic food containers and lids
- Plastic wrap and zip-top bags
- Silicone utensils and bakeware
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Many kitchen plastics release microplastics and harmful chemicals when heated, cut, or scratched. Over time, frequent washing and use can cause wear and chemical leaching. Most kitchen plastics are not curbside recyclable and often end up in landfills.
Relevant Links:
- Environmental Health Perspectives – Plastic Leaching and Food
- Consumer Reports – Safer Kitchen Alternatives
Kraft Packaging (with Plastic Liners)
Definition:
Kraft paper packaging is often perceived as eco-friendly, but many versions include hidden plastic liners to improve moisture resistance.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Fast food bags and takeout boxes
- Pet food and grain sacks
- Coffee bags and snack wrappers
- “Compostable” mailers with plastic film
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
When lined with plastic, kraft paper becomes non-recyclable and non-compostable. These materials contaminate compost streams and complicate recycling processes, contributing to landfill waste.
Relevant Links:
L
Laminated Packaging
Definition:
Laminated packaging is made from multiple layers of different materials—often plastic, foil, and paper—bonded together to enhance durability and preserve freshness.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Snack bags and chip wrappers
- Coffee and tea pouches
- Pet food bags
- Medical blister packs
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
These multi-layer materials are extremely difficult to recycle because the layers can’t be separated by standard methods. As a result, they are nearly always landfilled or incinerated, contributing to persistent plastic pollution.
Relevant Links:
Landfill Plastic
Definition:
Landfill plastic refers to any plastic waste that ends up in landfills—either because it’s non-recyclable, contaminated, or improperly disposed of.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Plastic food wrappers and bags
- Toys, kitchenware, and clothing
- Non-recyclable packaging
- Industrial and agricultural plastic waste
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Plastics in landfills can take hundreds of years to degrade, releasing microplastics and leachate chemicals into soil and groundwater. Landfilled plastic contributes to long-term environmental contamination and lost material value.
Relevant Links:
LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene)
Definition:
LDPE is a soft, flexible plastic with the resin code #4. It’s commonly used for film and squeeze applications due to its clarity and strength.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Plastic bags and film wrap
- Bread bags and produce bags
- Squeeze bottles and caps
- Liner coatings on paper cups and cartons
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
LDPE is difficult to recycle in curbside programs and often ends up in the environment. It breaks down into microplastics over time, contributing to widespread contamination of soil, oceans, and waterways.
Relevant Links:
Leachate
Definition:
Leachate is the toxic liquid that forms when water filters through waste in a landfill, picking up dissolved or suspended materials—often including chemicals from degrading plastic.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Landfill runoff
- Wastewater from composting plastic-lined paper
- Industrial plastic processing facilities
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Leachate can carry harmful substances like BPA, phthalates, and heavy metals into soil and groundwater. It’s a significant threat to water quality, especially near unlined or aging landfills.
Relevant Links:
- National Institutes of Health – Plastic Leachate Pollution
- ScienceDirect – Toxic Leachate from Plastic Waste
Leaching (of Chemicals from Plastic)
Definition:
Leaching occurs when chemicals in plastics migrate into surrounding substances—like food, beverages, or the environment—especially under heat, UV exposure, or wear.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Food containers and water bottles
- Plastic wrap and storage bags
- Disposable cups and plates
- PVC pipes and vinyl flooring
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Leached chemicals like BPA, phthalates, and styrene can act as endocrine disruptors or carcinogens. Leaching affects human health and contaminates soil, water, and wildlife habitats.
Relevant Links:
Lids (Plastic Bottle and Cup Lids)
Definition:
Plastic lids are small caps or covers made from HDPE or PP that seal containers such as bottles, coffee cups, and yogurt tubs.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Water and soda bottle caps
- Coffee cup lids
- Food container tops
- Snap-on condiment lids
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Lids are among the top 10 items found in ocean cleanup efforts. Due to their small size and shape, they often evade recycling sorters and become marine debris, posing ingestion risks to birds and marine life.
Relevant Links:
M
Marine Debris
Definition:
Marine debris is human-made waste that ends up in oceans or coastal waters, with plastic comprising the vast majority of this pollution.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Plastic bags, bottles, and packaging
- Abandoned fishing gear (ghost nets)
- Cigarette butts and straws
- Microplastics and foam fragments
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Marine debris harms marine animals through ingestion, entanglement, and habitat disruption. Plastics persist in the ocean for hundreds of years, breaking down into microplastics that enter the food chain and threaten biodiversity.
Relevant Links:
Melamine
Definition:
Melamine is a durable, heat-resistant plastic used in kitchenware and household items. It’s made from formaldehyde and melamine resin.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Reusable plastic plates and bowls
- Countertops and laminates
- Baby feeding dishes
- Camping utensils
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Melamine can leach into hot or acidic foods, particularly if scratched or damaged. While not acutely toxic, chronic exposure has been linked to kidney and bladder issues. It is not recyclable in municipal systems.
Relevant Links:
Microplastics
Definition:
Microplastics are plastic particles smaller than 5 millimeters that result from the breakdown of larger plastics or are manufactured at that size (like microbeads).
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Cosmetics and personal care products
- Synthetic clothing (from laundry)
- Tire dust and city runoff
- Plastic packaging degradation
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Microplastics are now found in oceans, soil, air, and inside the human body. They carry toxic additives, attract pollutants, and harm wildlife. Health impacts may include inflammation, hormone disruption, and oxidative stress.
Relevant Links:
Microbeads
Definition:
Microbeads are small, round plastic particles (typically <1 mm) intentionally added to products for exfoliation or visual effect.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Face and body scrubs
- Toothpaste and hand soap
- Lip gloss and glitter cosmetics
- Industrial cleaning products
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Microbeads are non-biodegradable and easily pass through water filtration systems. They enter rivers and oceans, where they accumulate and are ingested by aquatic life. Many countries have now banned them in rinse-off cosmetics.
Relevant Links:
Monomers
Definition:
Monomers are the small molecular building blocks that link together to form polymers—chains that make up plastic materials.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Ethylene (used to make polyethylene)
- Styrene (used for polystyrene)
- Vinyl chloride (used for PVC)
- Bisphenol A (used in polycarbonate plastics)
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Some monomers, like vinyl chloride and styrene, are hazardous to health and linked to cancer and neurological effects. The production of monomers is energy-intensive and releases toxic air pollutants.
Relevant Links:
Multilayer Packaging
Definition:
Multilayer packaging combines several layers of materials (e.g., plastic, foil, paper) to protect food and increase shelf life.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Snack bags and candy wrappers
- Soup cartons and juice boxes
- Frozen food packaging
- Coffee and baby formula pouches
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
These materials are nearly impossible to separate for recycling, so they’re usually incinerated or landfilled. Multilayer packaging contributes significantly to packaging waste and environmental litter.
Relevant Links:
N
Nanoplastics
Definition:
Nanoplastics are plastic particles smaller than 1 micrometer (1000 nanometers), often invisible even under a microscope.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Breakdown of microplastics in the environment
- Bottled water and table salt
- Dust and indoor air
- Laboratory and industrial wastewater
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Because of their extremely small size, nanoplastics can cross cell membranes, accumulate in organs, and interact with DNA. Their full health impact is still under research, but early studies suggest links to inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity.
Relevant Links:
Natural Polymers (vs. Synthetic)
Definition:
Natural polymers are biodegradable materials derived from plants or animals, in contrast to synthetic plastic polymers made from fossil fuels.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Cellulose (from wood pulp)
- Starch-based bioplastics
- Chitosan (from crustacean shells)
- Proteins like silk and gelatin
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Natural polymers degrade in the environment without leaving toxic residue. However, some “bioplastics” marketed as natural are blended with synthetic polymers, reducing their compostability and misleading consumers.
Relevant Links:
Netting (Plastic Agricultural Netting)
Definition:
Plastic netting refers to mesh-like plastic materials used in agriculture, construction, and packaging that often escape waste systems.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Produce bags and citrus nets
- Turf rolls and erosion control mesh
- Hay bale wraps
- Bird exclusion netting
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Plastic netting breaks down into fragments and microplastics, especially when left in fields or compost piles. Wildlife can become entangled, and the plastic often contaminates soil or aquatic environments.
Relevant Links:
- WWF – Agriculture and Plastic Pollution
- Environmental Science & Technology – Plastics in Agricultural Soils
Neurotoxicity (from Plastic Chemicals)
Definition:
Neurotoxicity refers to damage to the nervous system caused by exposure to toxic substances, including additives used in plastics.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Phthalates in toys and vinyl
- BPA and BPS in food containers
- Flame retardants in electronics
- Styrene in polystyrene
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Studies link certain plastic chemicals to reduced IQ, attention disorders, and developmental delays in children. Neurotoxic substances also accumulate in wildlife, affecting behavior and survival.
Relevant Links:
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health – Chemical Brain Drain
- Endocrine Society – Plastics and Brain Health
Non-Recyclable Plastics
Definition:
Non-recyclable plastics are plastics that cannot be processed by standard recycling facilities due to contamination, additives, or complex structure.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Chip bags and candy wrappers
- Black plastic trays
- Multilayer food pouches
- Coated paper cups
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
These plastics often end up in landfills or incinerators, even when placed in recycling bins. They give the false appearance of sustainability and contribute to global plastic waste burdens.
Relevant Links:
Nonwoven Plastics
Definition:
Nonwoven plastics are fabrics made by bonding plastic fibers together rather than weaving or knitting, often used in disposable products.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Wet wipes and diapers
- Sanitary pads and tampons
- Surgical masks and gowns
- Cleaning cloths and filters
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
These products are often single-use and not biodegradable, despite greenwashing claims. When flushed or improperly disposed of, they contribute to sewer blockages and marine pollution.
Relevant Links:
Nonylphenol
Definition:
Nonylphenol is a toxic breakdown product of industrial detergents and plastic additives, known to act as an endocrine disruptor.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Industrial cleaning agents
- PVC manufacturing
- Textile treatments
- Pesticide formulations
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Nonylphenol is highly persistent and bioaccumulative in aquatic environments. It mimics estrogen, affecting the reproductive systems of fish and potentially humans. It’s banned or restricted in many regions but still used globally.
Relevant Links:
Nurdles
Definition:
Nurdles are pre-production plastic pellets used as raw materials for manufacturing plastic goods. They are a major source of ocean microplastic pollution.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Industrial shipping and handling
- Accidental spills near ports and factories
- Shoreline and ocean debris
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Nurdles absorb toxins from seawater and are mistaken for food by marine animals. They persist in the environment and are difficult to clean up due to their small size. Billions enter waterways each year from unregulated handling.
Relevant Links:
Nylon
Definition:
Nylon is a synthetic plastic polymer in the polyamide family, known for its strength, elasticity, and resistance to abrasion.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Clothing and hosiery
- Carpets and rugs
- Toothbrush bristles
- Ropes, nets, and sports equipment
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Nylon is not biodegradable and sheds microplastic fibers during use and washing. It’s energy-intensive to produce and often dyed with toxic chemicals. Its presence in oceans is growing due to synthetic textile waste and fishing gear.
Relevant Links:
O
Ocean Plastic
Definition:
Ocean plastic refers to synthetic polymers that have entered marine environments through improper disposal, stormwater runoff, or ocean-based sources like fishing gear.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Single-use plastics (bags, bottles, straws)
- Abandoned fishing gear and nets (ghost gear)
- Microplastics from textile fibers, tires, and packaging
- Plastic pellets (nurdles) from industrial spills
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Ocean plastic harms over 800 marine species through ingestion, entanglement, and habitat disruption. It also breaks down into micro- and nanoplastics that re-enter the food chain, affecting both wildlife and humans. Ocean plastics are a major contributor to global biodiversity loss and carbon emissions.
Relevant Links:
Off-Gassing
Definition:
Off-gassing is the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other chemicals from plastics and synthetic materials into the surrounding air.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Vinyl flooring and plastic-based building materials
- Plastic packaging and containers
- New furniture and electronics
- Automotive interiors
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Off-gassed chemicals can lead to respiratory issues, headaches, hormone disruption, and indoor air pollution. Children are especially vulnerable. Long-term exposure to compounds like formaldehyde and phthalates is linked to chronic health effects.
Relevant Links:
Oligomers
Definition:
Oligomers are small molecular chains that are byproducts or intermediates in plastic polymer production. Some remain in finished products, particularly in polyesters and PET plastics.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- PET bottles and food packaging
- Epoxy resins and coatings
- Polyurethane foams
- Nylon manufacturing
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Oligomers can migrate into food and water, especially when heated. Certain types have been shown to be cytotoxic, endocrine-disrupting, or genotoxic. Because they’re not always disclosed, they pose an underrecognized risk in consumer products.
Relevant Links:
Oral Exposure
Definition:
Oral exposure to microplastics occurs when humans ingest plastic particles through food, beverages, and packaging materials.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Bottled water and tap water
- Salt, seafood, and produce
- Plastic-contaminated takeout containers
- Household dust settling on food
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Microplastics ingested through oral exposure can accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract and organs. Studies suggest potential for inflammation, gut microbiome disruption, and leaching of toxic additives like phthalates and heavy metals.
Relevant Links:
Oxo-Degradable Plastics
Definition:
Oxo-degradable plastics are petroleum-based plastics that include additives meant to promote fragmentation under UV or oxygen exposure, but not true biodegradation.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Shopping bags labeled “biodegradable”
- Mulch films in agriculture
- Trash bags and dog waste bags
- Packaging marketed as “eco-friendly”
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
These plastics break down into microplastics rather than fully degrading, often misleading consumers. They contaminate recycling streams and contribute to plastic pollution in soils and oceans. Their use is banned or restricted in the EU and many other regions.
Relevant Links:
P
PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)
Definition:
PET is a lightweight, durable plastic commonly used for packaging beverages, food, and personal care products. It is identified by recycling code #1.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Soda and water bottles
- Salad containers and clamshells
- Polyester fabrics
- Peanut butter and cooking oil jars
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
While PET is recyclable, it often ends up in landfills or as litter. It can release microplastics and oligomers, especially when heated. Studies have found PET fragments in bottled water and table salt, raising concerns over ingestion.
Relevant Links:
- Scientific American – PET and Bottled Water
- National Institutes of Health – PET and Oligomer Migration
Phthalates
Definition:
Phthalates are a class of chemical plasticizers used to make plastics more flexible and durable. They are not chemically bound to plastics and can leach out over time.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Vinyl flooring and shower curtains
- Plastic food wrap
- Toys and medical tubing
- Cosmetics and fragrances
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Phthalates are known endocrine disruptors, linked to reproductive harm, developmental issues in children, and increased risk of chronic diseases. They are prevalent in indoor dust and commonly detected in human urine.
Relevant Links:
Plastic Pollution
Definition:
Plastic pollution is the accumulation of plastic objects and microplastics in the environment, harming ecosystems, wildlife, and potentially human health.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Oceans, rivers, and beaches
- Landfills and urban runoff
- Agricultural soils
- Air and drinking water
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Plastic pollution affects over 800 marine species and enters the food chain through microplastics. It clogs waterways, emits greenhouse gases when degrading, and contributes to toxic chemical exposure globally.
Relevant Links:
Plasticizers
Definition:
Plasticizers are chemical additives used to increase the flexibility and durability of plastic products, especially in PVC and other rigid plastics.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Plastic tubing and cable coatings
- Food packaging
- Synthetic leather and raincoats
- Toys and automotive interiors
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Many plasticizers, including phthalates, can leach out of products over time. They are linked to hormone disruption and environmental contamination. Safer alternatives are being explored but are not yet widespread.
Relevant Links:
Polystyrene
Definition:
Polystyrene is a petroleum-based plastic used to make both rigid products and foam (commonly known as Styrofoam™). It is brittle, lightweight, and difficult to recycle.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Disposable cups and plates
- Takeout food containers
- Foam packaging peanuts
- Insulation boards
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Polystyrene easily breaks into microplastics that persist in the environment. It contains styrene, a probable human carcinogen, and is banned in many municipalities due to its environmental impact.
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Post-Consumer Plastic
Definition:
Post-consumer plastic refers to plastic materials that have been used and discarded by consumers and then collected for recycling.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Recycled plastic bottles and containers
- Textiles made from rPET
- Packaging with “recycled content” labels
- Composite lumber products
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Post-consumer plastic reduces the demand for virgin plastic, but recycled content is often limited by contamination and processing limits. Claims around its use are sometimes exaggerated, contributing to greenwashing.
Relevant Links:
Primary Microplastics
Definition:
Primary microplastics are plastic particles that are intentionally manufactured at microscopic size for commercial or industrial use.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Microbeads in personal care products
- Industrial abrasives for sandblasting
- Resin pellets and preproduction plastic
- Microcapsules in cleaning products
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
These microplastics bypass filtration systems and end up in waterways, harming aquatic life and entering the food chain. Many countries have banned microbeads, but other primary microplastic sources remain.
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PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
Definition:
PVC is a rigid plastic known for its durability and low cost. It contains toxic additives like lead, cadmium, and phthalates unless specifically reformulated.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Plumbing pipes and vinyl flooring
- Window frames and faux leather
- Medical IV bags and tubing
- Toys and shower curtains
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
PVC manufacturing and incineration release dioxins and other toxic pollutants. Its additives can leach into air and water, posing health risks. Recycling PVC is difficult and limited.
Relevant Links:
Q
Quality Recycling (Closed-Loop Recycling)
Definition:
Quality recycling, or closed-loop recycling, refers to the process of recycling materials into products of equal or comparable quality — enabling the same material to be used repeatedly without degradation.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Recycled aluminum and glass (true closed-loop examples)
- High-grade plastics like HDPE or PET when properly sorted and processed
- Circular packaging initiatives and refillable containers
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
High-quality recycling reduces the need for virgin plastic production, conserving resources and lowering emissions. However, most plastic recycling today is “open-loop” or downcycled, resulting in lower-grade products that eventually end up in landfills or incinerators.
Relevant Links:
Quantifying Microplastics
Definition:
Quantifying microplastics involves scientific methods used to detect, measure, and analyze microplastic particles in environmental and biological samples.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Environmental research on oceans, rivers, and soil
- Tap water, bottled water, air, and food studies
- Academic and regulatory efforts to estimate human exposure
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Accurate quantification is crucial for understanding the extent of plastic pollution and informing policy. However, inconsistencies in sampling, filtering, and measurement techniques lead to wide variation in results, making it difficult to compare data across studies.
Relevant Links:
R
Recycling Codes (Resin Identification Codes)
Definition:
Recycling codes are the numbered symbols (1–7) stamped on plastic products to identify the type of plastic resin used. They do not guarantee recyclability — they are meant to aid sorting.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- On the bottom or side of plastic bottles, containers, and packaging
- Used by manufacturers, recyclers, and consumers to sort plastics
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Most plastics labeled with these codes are not widely recycled, especially codes 3–7. Confusion over the meaning of the symbols contributes to wishcycling and contamination in recycling streams.
The 7 Codes Explained:
- PET or PETE (Polyethylene Terephthalate) – Beverage bottles, food packaging. Widely recycled.
- HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) – Milk jugs, detergent bottles. Widely recycled.
- PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) – Pipes, shrink wrap, toys. Rarely recycled; contains toxic additives.
- LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) – Plastic bags, bread bags, squeezable bottles. Sometimes recycled.
- PP (Polypropylene) – Yogurt containers, straws, bottle caps. Limited recyclability.
- PS (Polystyrene) – Disposable plates, cups, foam packaging. Rarely recycled.
- Other – Includes polycarbonate, bioplastics, and mixed resins. Not recyclable.
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Resin
Definition:
A resin is the base plastic material made from petroleum or natural gas, which is processed and molded into plastic products. Each type of plastic corresponds to a different synthetic resin.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- All plastic packaging and products
- Resin pellets (aka nurdles) used in manufacturing
- Labeled via the resin identification code
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Resins can vary in toxicity and recyclability. Virgin resin production is energy-intensive and polluting, while recycled resin (like rPET) is preferred but limited by contamination and demand. Resin spills are a major microplastic source.
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Reusable Plastics
Definition:
Reusable plastics are products made from plastic materials designed for repeated use, such as refillable containers, water bottles, or durable cutlery.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Reusable shopping bags
- Hard plastic water bottles (e.g., Tritan)
- Meal prep containers
- Refillable cleaning or personal care bottles
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
While reusable plastics reduce single-use waste, they still degrade over time and may leach chemicals with heat, UV exposure, or wear. True sustainability depends on usage frequency and end-of-life disposal.
Relevant Links:
rPET (Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate)
Definition:
rPET is plastic that has been recycled from post-consumer PET (code #1) products and processed into new containers, textiles, or packaging.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Recycled plastic bottles and containers
- Clothing made from recycled polyester
- Packaging labeled “100% recycled” or “rPET”
- Food-grade containers (where approved)
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
rPET lowers demand for virgin plastic and reduces carbon footprint. However, it may still shed microplastics, especially when used in textiles, and is limited by collection and contamination rates.
Relevant Links:
Runoff Plastic Pollution
Definition:
Runoff plastic pollution refers to plastic debris that is carried by rain or stormwater from streets, farms, and landfills into waterways, contributing to ocean and freshwater contamination.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Urban litter washed into storm drains
- Microplastics from synthetic turf, tire wear, and laundry wastewater
- Agricultural plastics and degraded mulch films
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Runoff is a major pathway for microplastics to enter rivers and oceans. It bypasses wastewater treatment and spreads pollution even in areas far from the coast. This makes plastic pollution a widespread and persistent problem.
Relevant Links:
S
Sachet Economy
Definition:
A market system where consumer goods are packaged and sold in ultra-small, single-use sachets — often less than 10ml — to make them affordable to low-income buyers.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Shampoo, detergent, lotion, and coffee packets
- Widely used in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America
- Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCGs)
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Sachets are rarely recyclable due to their multilayered plastic composition. They contribute disproportionately to litter and marine plastic pollution in developing regions and have sparked growing calls for corporate accountability.
Relevant Links:
Seabird Ingestion
Definition:
The phenomenon of seabirds consuming plastic debris, often mistaking it for food like fish or squid, due to its appearance and smell.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Plastic fragments, bottle caps, and fishing line
- Documented in species like albatross, puffins, and petrels
- Especially prevalent near garbage patches and coastlines
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Over 90% of seabirds have plastic in their digestive systems, leading to starvation, internal injury, and death. Seabird ingestion is a key indicator of global marine plastic contamination.
Relevant Links:
- PLOS One – Global Analysis of Seabird Plastic Ingestion
- National Geographic – Photos: Seabirds and Plastic
Secondary Microplastics
Definition:
Small plastic particles that result from the gradual breakdown of larger plastic debris through environmental exposure, abrasion, and weathering.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Degraded plastic bottles, bags, and packaging
- Ocean and river debris
- Agricultural soils and road dust
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Secondary microplastics are the most abundant type found in the environment. They can carry toxic chemicals, be consumed by wildlife, and infiltrate food and water systems, contributing to cumulative exposure in humans.
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Shedding (Microplastic Shedding)
Definition:
The process by which plastic microfibers or particles are released from synthetic materials during use, washing, or wear.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Synthetic clothing (polyester, acrylic, nylon)
- Plastic containers exposed to heat or scrubbing
- Sponges, cleaning cloths, and carpets
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Shedding is a major source of airborne and waterborne microplastics. Each wash cycle can release hundreds of thousands of fibers, contributing to water pollution and indoor air contamination.
Relevant Links:
Single-Use Plastic
Definition:
Plastic items intended to be used once and then discarded, often within minutes of opening.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Plastic straws, utensils, plates, and stirrers
- Food wrappers, snack bags, water bottles
- Takeaway containers and coffee cup lids
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Single-use plastics account for a majority of plastic waste and are a leading contributor to environmental pollution. They are difficult to recycle, clog landfills, harm wildlife, and break into microplastics.
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Slow Degradation
Definition:
The property of plastics to resist breaking down in the environment due to their chemical stability and resistance to natural decomposition processes.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- All plastic types, especially in landfills and marine environments
- Long-lasting products like PVC pipes or foam insulation
- Litter on roadsides or in oceans
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Slow degradation allows plastics to persist for hundreds to thousands of years. While they fragment into smaller pieces, they never fully decompose, leading to widespread contamination.
Relevant Links:
- National Geographic – Why Plastic Lasts Forever
- Environmental Science & Technology – Degradation Pathways
Soft Plastics
Definition:
Flexible, lightweight plastics typically used for wrapping or bagging, made from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) or polypropylene (PP).
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Grocery bags and cling wrap
- Snack packaging and bubble wrap
- Bread bags and produce bags
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Soft plastics are rarely accepted in curbside recycling and frequently contaminate recycling streams. They’re also a major source of litter and microplastics due to their thin, fragile structure.
Relevant Links:
Styrene
Definition:
A chemical used to make polystyrene and other plastics; it’s a volatile organic compound with known health concerns.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Foam cups, takeout containers, CD cases
- Building insulation materials
- Cigarette smoke and car exhaust (trace levels)
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Styrene is classified as a probable human carcinogen. Exposure can occur through food contact with foam containers, especially when heated. It poses occupational risks and contributes to indoor air pollution.
Relevant Links:
Synthetic Fibers
Definition:
Man-made textile fibers derived from petrochemicals. They are the dominant material in modern clothing and household textiles.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Polyester, acrylic, nylon, and spandex fabrics
- Fleece jackets, workout gear, carpets, and curtains
- Upholstery and microfiber cleaning cloths
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Synthetic fibers are the single largest source of microplastic pollution in the ocean. They release tiny plastic particles with every wash and are difficult to recycle. Over time, they contribute to airborne and waterborne plastic contamination.
Relevant Links:
T
Take-Back Programs
Definition:
Programs established by manufacturers, retailers, or municipalities that allow consumers to return used products or packaging for recycling, reuse, or proper disposal.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Electronics, batteries, and lightbulbs
- Cosmetic and supplement containers
- Retail store drop-offs (e.g., H&M garment collection, TerraCycle)
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
These programs help divert waste from landfills and encourage producer responsibility. However, participation rates are often low, and effectiveness depends on infrastructure and transparency.
Relevant Links:
Thermoplastics
Definition:
Plastics that become soft and moldable when heated and harden when cooled — a process that is reversible and repeatable.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Bottles, containers, pipes, and textiles
- Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), PET, PVC
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Thermoplastics are the most common plastic type and are technically recyclable. However, only a fraction is actually recycled due to contamination, economics, and infrastructure limitations. They also degrade into microplastics over time.
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Thermosetting Plastics
Definition:
Plastics that undergo a chemical change when heated, creating a rigid, inflexible structure that cannot be remelted or reshaped.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Electrical insulation, cookware handles, adhesives
- Epoxy, melamine, bakelite, polyurethane foams
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
These plastics are difficult to recycle and often end up in landfills. Their chemical additives can leach into the environment when disposed of improperly, and they may emit toxic fumes when incinerated.
Relevant Links:
Tire Wear Particles
Definition:
Tiny fragments of synthetic rubber, plastic, and chemical additives that are abraded from vehicle tires during use and dispersed into the air, soil, and water.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Road dust
- Urban stormwater runoff
- Nearby vegetation and waterways
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Tire wear is one of the largest sources of microplastic pollution by volume. These particles can carry heavy metals and toxic chemicals and have been found in human lungs, placentas, and marine organisms.
Relevant Links:
- New York Times – Tires Are the Largest Source of Microplastics
- Environmental Science & Technology – Tire Wear Emissions
Toxic Additives
Definition:
Chemical compounds added to plastic to enhance flexibility, durability, UV resistance, or color — often with unintended health or environmental effects.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- PVC, flame-retardant foams, plastic packaging
- Includes phthalates, BPA, PFAS, and flame retardants
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Toxic additives can leach into food, air, and water, especially when plastics are heated or degraded. They are linked to hormonal disruption, developmental toxicity, cancer, and immune system harm.
Relevant Links:
U
Ultrafine Microplastics
Definition:
Plastic particles smaller than 1 micron (μm) in size, which are even smaller than typical microplastics. Their minuscule size allows them to pass through biological membranes.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Bottled water and seafood
- Household air and dust
- Human blood, lungs, and placentas (as found in recent studies)
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Due to their tiny size, ultrafine microplastics can penetrate cells, potentially cross the blood-brain barrier, and accumulate in organs. Their long-term biological effects remain under study but are expected to be serious due to potential inflammation and chemical exposure.
Relevant Links:
- National Geographic – Microplastics Found in Human Blood
- Science Advances – Plastic Particles in Human Blood
Ultraviolet (UV) Degradation
Definition:
The chemical breakdown of plastic polymers due to prolonged exposure to sunlight’s ultraviolet rays.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Outdoor furniture, plastic bags, marine debris
- Greenhouses, vehicle interiors, packaging left outdoors
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
UV radiation causes plastics to become brittle and fragment into smaller pieces, accelerating microplastic pollution. It also releases harmful additives into the environment as the material degrades.
Relevant Links:
Upcycling
Definition:
The process of creatively reusing or repurposing waste materials (including plastics) to create products of greater value or functionality.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Recycled plastic lumber, bags, and apparel
- Art installations and home goods
- Circular economy manufacturing
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Upcycling helps reduce demand for virgin plastic, minimizes landfill waste, and encourages innovative reuse of plastic materials. While not a systemic solution to plastic pollution, it promotes awareness and resource efficiency.
Relevant Links:
Urban Plastic Pollution
Definition:
The accumulation of plastic waste in city environments due to littering, poor waste management, and overconsumption of single-use plastics.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Storm drains, sidewalks, parking lots
- Public parks, waterways, and streets
- Fast food packaging, convenience plastics
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Urban plastics often wash into rivers and oceans through stormwater systems, contributing significantly to marine plastic pollution. Urban microplastics also enter the air and drinking water, raising human exposure risks.
Relevant Links:
- National Geographic – Cities Are Key Sources of Plastic
- ScienceDirect – Urban Sources of Plastic Debris
UV Stabilizers
Definition:
Chemical additives included in plastics to absorb or block ultraviolet radiation, preventing fading, brittleness, and structural damage.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Outdoor plastic furniture and packaging
- Greenhouses, automotive parts, and textiles
- Industrial films and tarps
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
While UV stabilizers extend the lifespan of plastic products, they are often toxic and can leach into the environment during degradation. Some are linked to hormone disruption and aquatic toxicity.
Relevant Links:
V
Vinyl Chloride
Definition:
A synthetic, colorless gas used primarily to produce polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a widely used plastic found in pipes, flooring, and packaging.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- PVC pipes, vinyl flooring, siding
- Plastic wrap, medical devices, credit cards
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Vinyl chloride is a known human carcinogen, particularly linked to liver cancer. It is toxic when inhaled or absorbed and poses serious risks during manufacture and disposal.
Relevant Links:
Virgin Plastic
Definition:
Plastic created from new, non-recycled petrochemical feedstocks such as crude oil or natural gas.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Nearly all plastic products unless labeled as recycled
- Bottles, packaging, toys, electronics
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Virgin plastic production contributes heavily to greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel extraction. It is cheaper to produce than recycled plastic, which discourages recycling infrastructure and promotes overproduction.
Relevant Links:
Viscose (Rayon)
Definition:
A semi-synthetic fiber derived from cellulose (typically from wood pulp) and chemically treated to form threads. While not a plastic by origin, it’s often blended with synthetics like polyester.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Blended textiles in clothing, underwear, curtains
- “Sustainable” fashion marketed as biodegradable
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Viscose production uses toxic chemicals like carbon disulfide and can contribute to microplastic pollution when blended with synthetics. Its environmental impact is tied to both chemical runoff and deforestation.
Relevant Links:
VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)
Definition:
Organic chemicals that easily vaporize at room temperature, many of which are emitted by plastic materials, coatings, and adhesives.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- PVC, polyurethane foam, plastic packaging
- Household goods, flooring, and electronics
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Exposure to VOCs from plastics can contribute to headaches, respiratory issues, hormonal disruption, and even cancer. Poor indoor air quality is a common result of VOC emissions from plastic products.
Relevant Links:
Vapor-Phase Emissions
Definition:
Chemical compounds released into the air from plastics during processes like manufacturing, heating, or degradation.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Heated plastic containers and cookware
- Manufacturing plants, landfills, and incinerators
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
These emissions can contain toxic substances like dioxins, benzene, and phthalates, especially when plastics are burned or heated. Inhalation of vapor-phase chemicals is linked to serious health issues, including cancer and neurological effects.
Relevant Links:
W
Waste Hierarchy
Definition:
A framework for prioritizing waste management practices, often visualized as an inverted pyramid. It ranks strategies in order of environmental impact: reduce, reuse, recycle, recover (e.g., energy), and dispose (landfill/incineration).
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Waste management policies and sustainability reports
- Circular economy frameworks and government regulations
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
The waste hierarchy encourages practices that minimize resource extraction and environmental pollution. Plastic often bypasses the top tiers (reduce/reuse) and ends up in the bottom tiers (energy recovery/disposal), perpetuating waste and emissions.
Relevant Links:
Waste-to-Energy (WTE)
Definition:
The process of incinerating plastic and other waste materials to generate heat or electricity, often promoted as a waste management solution.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Municipal incinerators
- Industrial energy plants and “advanced recycling” facilities
- Countries with limited landfill space
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Burning plastics releases toxic pollutants like dioxins, furans, and heavy metals, harming air quality and public health. It also discourages recycling and reuse by relying on continuous plastic input to sustain energy generation.
Relevant Links:
Weathering
Definition:
The gradual physical and chemical breakdown of plastic materials caused by environmental exposure, including UV radiation, moisture, temperature changes, and mechanical abrasion.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Plastic litter, packaging, marine debris
- Outdoor furniture and plastic infrastructure
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Weathering is one of the main drivers of microplastic formation, fragmenting larger plastic items into tiny particles that persist in soil, water, and air for decades.
Relevant Links:
- National Library of Medicine – Weathering of Plastics
- ScienceDirect – Environmental Weathering of Plastics
Wet Wipes
Definition:
Disposable cloths commonly used for cleaning skin or surfaces, often composed of plastic-based synthetic fibers like polyester or polypropylene.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Baby wipes, facial wipes, disinfecting wipes
- “Flushable” toilet wipes (despite poor biodegradability)
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Wet wipes contribute to sewage blockages (fatbergs) and release microplastics when broken down in water systems. Many wipes are not biodegradable and accumulate in marine environments and beaches.
Relevant Links:
White Pollution
Definition:
A term originating in China and South Asia that refers to the visual blight and environmental harm caused by white plastic bags, foam containers, and packaging.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Lightweight, single-use packaging and takeout containers
- Polystyrene foam, plastic film, and grocery bags
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
White pollution clogs waterways, chokes wildlife, and disrupts ecosystems. The term has become symbolic of the rapid rise of plastic waste in urban and rural areas.
Relevant Links:
X
Xylene
Definition:
A petrochemical solvent used in the production of plastics and synthetic fibers. It is also present in some adhesives and coatings.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Polystyrene and PET manufacturing
- Industrial cleaners and paints
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Xylene exposure can affect the central nervous system, liver, and kidneys. It is volatile and contributes to air pollution and toxic emissions during plastic production.
Relevant Links:
Y
Yellowing of Plastic
Definition:
The discoloration of plastic materials, typically caused by oxidation and UV degradation over time.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Household appliances, outdoor furniture, electronic casings
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
While mostly aesthetic, yellowing often signals molecular breakdown, releasing additives and microplastics into the environment. It’s also a visible sign of environmental exposure and weathering.
Relevant Links:
Yarn Microplastics
Definition:
Tiny plastic fibers released from synthetic yarns during use or washing, particularly from textiles like acrylic, nylon, or polyester blends.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Synthetic clothing, carpets, blankets
- Fleece and fast fashion fabrics
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
These fibers are a major source of microplastic pollution in wastewater and are difficult to filter out. They bioaccumulate in aquatic environments and potentially enter the food chain.
Relevant Links:
Z
Zinc Stearate
Definition:
A metal soap commonly used as a lubricant or release agent in plastic manufacturing to prevent materials from sticking to molds.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- PVC, polystyrene, rubber, and pharmaceutical tablets
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Zinc stearate may contribute to heavy metal contamination and endocrine disruption. Although considered low in toxicity, its accumulation through plastic breakdown is a concern in aquatic systems.
Relevant Links:
Zero Waste
Definition:
A philosophy and design principle aimed at eliminating waste through reuse, recycling, composting, and sustainable product design — avoiding landfills and incineration.
What It’s Commonly Found In:
- Community initiatives, consumer packaging, lifestyle branding
- Plastic-free and refillable product systems
Impact on Humans or the Environment:
Zero waste practices help reduce plastic production and consumption, limit pollution, and support a circular economy. It is a foundational concept in plastic-free advocacy.
Relevant Links: